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A multilevel analysis examining the relationship between social influences for smoking and smoking onset
Direct costs: $30,000 Indirect costs: $15,000 This grant compared the effects of cigarette smoking, protonated nicotine (salt) aerosol, and unprotonated nicotine aerosol on nicotine delivery, nicotine craving, and other outcomes in cigarette smokers
However, no previous review has proposed a standardized framework to classify contamination levels based on abundance, determined the proportion of cigarette butts among global litter, or examined how protection status or management restrictions influence cigarette butt contamination across protected areas, despite their relevance to conservation policy [12, 31, 32]